ROME, Italy (ChurchMilitant.com) – On December 15, in the Italian-language section of the Corrispondenza Romana website, an article was published by pediatrician Gwyneth A. Spaeder which intended to refute my statements about the COVID “vaccine” in the letter which I sent to the American bishops and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on October 23, 2021.

Dr. Citro Della Riva, M.D.

debunks Dr. Spaeder’s polemic

I believe that those who are familiar with my writings and read them regularly know that I do not usually make rash statements, nor do I take positions on controversial topics without taking great care to check the facts. This is required by the seriousness of an impartial critique and by the authority of my role as Archbishop, as well as by respect for those to whom I speak. Whether I make pronouncements on questions of strict doctrinal or moral relevance, or if I address topics only indirectly tied to Religion, I believe I have never shrunk from facing criticism or from having a healthy discussion, precisely because I am persuaded that the truth does not belong to any one person, but rather it can manifest itself — and at times appears even more evident — by means of an honest confrontation with those who have different ideas. The scholastic disputatio teaches us this — something that significantly disappeared after the Council — as proof of the wisdom of the Church.

In the specific case of the psycho-pandemic farce and the vaccine campaign for COVID, I have had the opportunity to inform myself, to consult authoritative doctors and scientists, to read and to investigate those aspects which, understandably, are not the immediate competence of those who are not familiar with the subject. Once I formed an idea on the subject, I felt it my duty as a Shepherd and Successor of the Apostles to send a letter to my brother bishops in the United States and to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), in which I highlighted the serious problems of the experimental gene serum in terms of effectiveness as well as safety, and also its moral liceity.

Dr. Spaeder’s article has not in any way refuted my arguments, since it limits itself to repeating the script that Big Pharma kindly provides to its retailers, on the model of FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) that every company makes available to its customers.

For this reason, considering that the attempted refutation came from a doctor, I thought it would be appropriate to step aside, consulting Dr. Massimo Citro Della Riva, a talented doctor who is the author of various publications about the pandemic, one of which, entitled Apocalisse [Apocalypse], is about to be published. It will therefore fall to Dr. Citro Della Riva to respond to Dr. Spaeder on the merits of her argument, employing the competence and knowledge of the facts of one who is certainly more qualified than I am in the discipline of medicine. I would like to clarify that on December 21, I forwarded Dr. Citro Della Riva’s letter to Corrispondenza Romana, but as of today it has not published it, as was requested and as it ought to have done. This is why I wanted to share Dr. Citro Della Riva’s letter with Church Militant, allowing readers to evaluate its contents for themselves, and, in light of this response, also to evaluate the gaps and inaccuracies in Dr. Spaeder’s article.

I am sorry to see — and I say this with regret as someone who knew the Director of Corrispondenza Romana in times when he was appreciated as an authoritative conservative Catholic intellectual — that Prof. Roberto De Mattei has ventured into a minefield, offering himself to give media support to the pandemic narrative and to the supposed effectiveness, safety, non-dangerousness and moral liceity of the gene serum. And I am even more sorry that, in doing this, Prof. De Mattei has relied on the pen of Gwyneth A. Spaeder, a person who does not exactly appear to be impartial, but who instead presents multiple conflicts of interest both because of her professional formation and also because of her connections with Johns Hopkins University and IQVIA, where her husband Dr. Jeffrey Spaeder works. I will leave it to journalists to investigate the role of her father, George Weigel, a famous neo-conservative who is the biographer of John Paul II and a signer of PNAC, the Project for the New American Century, along with, among others, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld and Jeb Bush.

It seems to me that the involvement of Dr. Spaeder, at least in relation to her relatives, reveals an ideological closeness with clearly identifiable political circles. I do not know how Prof. De Mattei, whose Fondazione Lepanto has an office in Washington, may be related to them. It would be the case that the Director of Corrispondenza Romana and the President of the Fondazione Lepanto, who on many occasions has invited me not to concern myself with political and medical questions, has clarified his position and was the first, as a practicing Catholic, to give an example of transparency and consistency, avoiding strange political connections.

Having said this, I leave it to Dr. Citro to refute Dr. Spaeder’s arguments.

+ Carlo Maria Viganò, Archbishop

24 December 2021
The Vigil of Most Holy Christmas

Response to Dr. Spaeder by Massimo Citro Della Riva, M.D.

Dear Colleague,

Dr. Jeffrey Spaeder is linked to Big Pharma

I have read your response to the letter of Abp. Carlo M. Viganò. I am also a doctor who has spent more than a year and a half treating those who are infected with SARS-CoV-2, and I do not agree with your affirmations; therefore, in order to continue on the path of mutual constructive criticism, I feel I should respond. 

When Abp. Viganò writes about gene serums, he does not necessarily intend to allude to a product that integrates itself into our genome, but rather to a messenger RNA that is itself a gene molecule, since it is a ribonucleic acid. These serums cannot be called vaccines, since a vaccine is a pathogen or a part of a pathogen, either attenuated or inactivated, which is capable of inducing immunity. In contrast, the serums are experimental molecules (already used to treat various oncological pulmonary pathologies, such as cystic fibrosis and other diseases, but never until now experimented with to treat a viral infection) that do not induce immunity but rather produce spikes, which in turn must induce antibodies. The spikes are the toxic and poisonous part of this virus and also the most subject to mutation.

In any case, the reverse transcription of viral RNA is also possible,[1] as occurs with other RNA viruses, which is then capable of triggering long-term chronic diseases.[2] The reverse transcription of the vaccine mRNA is for now only hypothetical, just as it is for the DNA of the adenovirus vector: It is, however, plausible due to the presence of retrotransposons. It is known for certain that protein N of SARS-CoV-2 is transcribed into our DNA.[3] The vaccine mRNAs remain potentially oncogenic by integration or by genetic (epigenetic) interference. It has recently been discovered that the spike is located in the nucleus and inhibits the repair of DNA damage, preventing adaptive immunity.[4] Therefore, I would not be so sure that the vaccine mRNA cannot reverse transcribe itself into our DNA. 

I am happy that you mentioned that vaccines always carry a component of risk, and so they should only be used when the benefit outweights the risk. But this is not the case with COVID-19, where the benefit is almost zero and the risks are high. We are talking about an infection that is perfectly treatable, with a lethality of less than 1%; thus there is no need for vaccination. Furthermore, the lack of efficacy is there for all to see: these serums do not interrupt transmission; they do not prevent infection; indeed, most of the time infection follows vaccination. Furthermore, those who are vaccinated are contagious and continue to infect people, thereby increasing the epidemic. These serums induce variants which, as you know, are mutations by which the virus escapes the vaccine. The low efficacy of these vaccines is evident from observing the situation in Israel, where there is a worrisome increase in hospitalizations, above all among people between 40 and 50 years old who are fully vaccinated.[5] 

An investigation in hospitals in Israel has documented that almost 100% of those hospitalized had previously been vaccinated,[6] and they are already considering giving a fourth dose of the vaccine in the nation that was the first to inoculate its inhabitants with the third dose.[7] In Norway, where the majority of the population is vaccinated, the number and percentage of hospitalizations related to COVID-19 is increasing among vaccinated patients, and vaccination has not reduced the probability of death in the hospital.[8] Waterford is the county in Ireland with the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, even though 99.7% of its residents are vaccinated.[9] Gibraltar is the place in the world with the highest percent of vaccinated people (119% [This includes the 19% who travel from abroad to the island]) and the absence of those who are not vaccinated, and yet is recording a continual exponential increase in COVID-19 infections.[10] The number of neutralizing antibodies present after vaccination is lower than in uninfected controls.[11] 

There is no difference in viral loads between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated, and if the vaccinated are infected by the delta variant, they can be a course of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to others.[12] In the case of the delta variant, the neutralizing antibodies have a reduced affinity for the spike protein.[13] There is no difference in the viral load between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated who are infected by the delta variant.[14] There is a very poor response to the vaccines among those who have the delta variant.[15] In almost 70 nations the number of COVID-19 is increasing despite all the vaccinations.[16] Here in Italy, the population continues to be infected and the hospitals are full, despite the fact that 85% of the population is vaccinated. These serums are proving to be completely ineffective as well as useless.

It is said the serums help people contract a milder form of infection, but I want to remind you that this infection always begins in a mild form and that before it evolves (in a small number of cases) into a more severe form, several days pass during which it is perfectly treatable. If properly treated right away, people get well. None of my patients who have been treated as soon as they become infected have ever been hospitalized, and the thousands of Italian doctors who treat patients immediately report a rate of hospitalization that is less than 1%.[17] The same holds true for colleagues from other European nations with whom I am in contact.

The treatments you call “alternative” are not at all alternative, and they have existed since the very first case of SARS (I wish to remind you that the current virus is actually the second SARS, that the virus is almost identical to SARS-CoV-1 and so are its clinical manifestations), as can be found in literature beginning in 2003. The fact that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can inhibit coronaviruses is found in literature beginning right after SARS; one cannot say this was not known. In SARS-CoVs generally, HCQ increases the endosomal pH and interferes with the terminal glycosylation of the cell receptor (ACE2).[18] Chloroquine inhibits SARS-CoV replication.[19] HCQ is an effective inhibitor of the replication of SARS-CoV both in vitro and also in vivo: SARS-CoV-1 (viral replication reduced by 99% after three days), MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43.[20] In mice, chloroquine transmitted to newborns protects it from the lethal challenge of human HCoV-OC43.[21]

COVID-19 is perfectly treatable, but it must be treated immediately, without wasting time, preferably within the first two days. HCQ also has an anti-viral action: Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg per day) and azythromicin (500 mg per day) for at least five days, up to 10 days.[23] In China, HCQ has even been found to be useful in treating COVID-19 pneumonia, and it is recommended “to include it in the next guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia.[24]

Hydroxychloroquine has all the characteristics to be confirmed as the drug of choice in the prophylaxis of early-stage coronavirus complications, and derivatives from China are being studied by the U.S. FDA as a treatment for COVID-19.[25] As much as 37% of the 6,227 doctors from 30 different nations who have cast an international vote consider HCQ to be the most effective treatment for COVID-19.[26] Colyer and Hinthorn call it “a first-line treatment,” especially when combined with azythromicin.[27] A German research group has invented hydroxychloroquine in an aerosol form and experimented with excellent results: Instead of receiving 400 mg in a systemic way, the patient receives 2-4 mg through inhalation, without toxicity.[28]

Neo-con George Weigel, father of Dr. Gwyneth Spaeder

Ivermectin, alone or in association, is an anthelmintic with anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-tumoral activity, which acts on flaviviruses, HIV, Ebola and Zika,[29] blocks the RNA virus of respiratory diseases in pigs[30] and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in 48 hours in vitro.[31] Quercetin is also effective in the first phase of the disease,[32] acting as a powerful viral inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2, of which it blocks the 3CL (3-chymotrypsin-like) proteases, also called Mpro, which are essential in the replication cycle,[33] and this was divulged by a printed communication of the CNR Institute of Nanotechnology,[34] completely ignored by health institutions.

Quercetin has a synergic action with vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.[35] Cortisone (dexamethasone and betamethasone) also acts on the same proteases.[36] Another SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor is ebselen,[37] “an organic selenium compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cyto-protective properties, studied for the treatment of bipolar disorders and hearing loss, with very low toxicity and with a strong clinical potential for the treatment of coronaviruses.”[38] Confirmation of ebselen’s action against SARS-CoV-2 comes from the Milan Politecnico [Clinic],[39] with a confirmatory study describing its mechanism of action.[40] Ebselen is a powerful inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2.[41] 

Another inhibitor of these proteases is cinanserin: Already in 2005 the European Commission certified that the treatment for SARS-CoV had been found, since cinanserin inhibits the SARS coronavirus in a significant way and is a ready-to-use drug for treating SARS.[42] This is in an official document of the European Commission. We recall that 3CL, or Mpro, is the main protease present in coronaviruses.[43] The strong inhibition of cinanserin on the replication of SARS-CoV is in [medical] literature: “The binding of cinanserin and its hydrochloride to bacterially expressed 3CLpro of SARS-CoV and of the relative human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) has been demonstrated by resonance technology of the surface plasmon. It is specific for the 3CL coronaviruses,”[44] and these proteases are present in SARS-CoV-2. “The design and development of specific antiviral drugs with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 action can be made possible by targeting conserved enzymes such as the 3C protease.”[45] Cinanserin inhibits SARS-CoV-2.[46] A virtual screening confirmed the inhibitory activity of cinanserin and ebselen on the SARS-CoV-2 substrate Mpro.[47]

Since thromboembolisms are among the worst complications, the anti-coagulant action of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) is needed.[48] Furthermore, the spike-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with heparin.[49] When it opens to meet the ACE-2s (which are electronegative), the spike takes on a strong positive charge that allows it to connect.[50] Heparin is a mixture of mucopolysaccharides whose N-sulfate groups give it the highest electronegative charge of any known biomolecules, including ACE-2 receptors.[51] Thus heparin and spike attract one another like a magnet, taking the virus away from our receptors. Early use of heparin reduces the risk of serious development [of the coronavirus]. Hydroxyxchloroquine exercises a safe anti-thrombotic action,[52] and works in synergy with low-molecular-weight heparin.[53] Most importantly: The coagulative complications of coronavirus were in literature ever since SARS and MERS,[54] and have been covered up. Why was the grave danger of thromboembolisms not immediately divulged to all medical personnel? And why instead was it stubbornly concealed? We could have avoided thousands of deaths. As for cortisone, it is known to be the drug of choice for treating the cytokine storm and has been confirmed by clinical practice and a vast literature. 

In support of treatment there are cholecalciferol (always associated with menaquinone), ascorbic acid and zinc. In 2020, 300 different works were published about the benefits of cholecalciferol in COVID-19.[55] The D3 is important in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19,[56] it can reduce the risk of this infection,[57] it inhibits the IL-17 mediated response,[58] it has a role in the cytokine storm and in COVID-19 mortality.[59] Its deficiency increases the risk of infection and aggravates ARDS[60] and COVID-19 patients need higher doses of vitamin D3.[61] It protects and prevents ARDS.[62] It is recommended in at-risk patients.[63] It helps to prevent infection from SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit the cytokine storm by suppressing NFkB, IL-6 and TNF, and to prevent the loss of neurosensation by stimulating neurotrophins such as NGF.[64] Compared to the untreated, high doses of D3 reduce fibrinogen and negativize viral RNA.[65]

Vaccine-pushing traditionalist Catholic Prof. Roberto De Mattei 

Deficiency of D3 increases the possibility of contracting the severe form, with a more intense inflammatory response, increased morbidity and mortality.[66] Elevated doses reduce the need for intensive therapy and the gravity of COVID-19.[67] D3 reduces the risk of this infection and of severe illness: Its integration is recommended.[68] Its regular intake is associated with a less serious form [of the illness] and with a greater survival rate among the frail elderly.[69] In a letter to the Medical Community, urgent D3 supplementation is urged in high-risk patients.[70] From research of nine published studies, seven demonstrate that prognosis and mortality from COVID-19 are related to vitamin D3.[71] A study of 99 COVID-19 patients confirms the potential benefit of vitamin D3 in the 400,000-IU dose in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.[72]

By improving mucociliar cleareance, zinc removes pathogens from the respiratory pathways,[73] inhibits the “RNA polymerase RNA dependent” enzyme[74] that replicates viruses to RNA, and reduces the activity of ACE-2 receptors.[75] Low levels of zinc are associated with the worsening of COVID-19 patients.[76] Zinc supplements are recommended in COVID-19 patients and the increase of mucociliar clearance is confirmed, epithelial integrity is strengthened, viral replication is inhibited, anti-viral activity is increased, the risks of hyper-inflammation are attenuated and pulmonary damage is reduced as well as the risk of secondary infections.[77] In COVID-19 zinc is just as effective as treatment, above all if it is combined with hydroxychloroquine and azithromyhcin.[78] The hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin-zinc combination is valid.[79] Chloroquine acts as a zinc ionophore, facilitating entry into the cell.[80]

Ascorbic acid is among the most powerful anti-infectives and anti-virals,[81] as confirmed in the previous SARS outbreak[82]; it promotes phagocytosis and protects epithelial barriers.[83] A double-blind, randomized study of those hospitalized with acute respiratory infections found that vitamin C improves the course of the infection.[84, 85] In COVID-19, doses of 2–8 g per day orally prevent respiratory infections and 6–24 g per day intravenously reduces mortality in its severe pulmonary forms.[86] The sick hospitalized through COVID-19 in China have been treated with high doses (even tens of grams) intravenously.[87] In Shanghai, dozens of moderate and serious patients have been treated with high doses of vitamin C intravenously.[88] Intravenous vitamin C has been given in severe cases of COVID-19 with sepsis.[89] Timely high doses of vitamin C improve COVID-19 pneumonia.[90] Two research groups, in Shanghai and Guangszhou, recommend high doses of intravenous ascorbate for the treatment of ARDS, with other supportive treatments, including vitamin D3 and zinc.[91] Intravenous ascorbate along with steroids and vitamin D3 resolve sepsis in critical patients.[92] Vitamin C prevents complications and reduces  alveolar fluid by inhibiting the activation of neutrophils and reducing alveolar damage.[93]

Prevention is helpful with the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating glycoprotein lactoferrin, which has an anti-viral action of ample spectrum, including against coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, and is helpful also in treatment.[94] It inhibits the entrys of SARS-CoV-2 in cells by blocking the heparin sulfate, a co-receptor of ACE-2. This glucoprotein restores iron homeostasis and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation.[95]

Archbishop Viganò is perfectly correct when he writes that these drugs have been systematically boycotted by the WHO and regulatory agencies. And I would add: These drugs have been unjustly maligned. It is enough to think of hydroxycholoroquine. Two completely made-up studies in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine claimed to potray this drug as toxic[96]: They were discovered and withdrawn, but they served to make HCQ to be withdrawn almost worldwide. An obvious boycott! All studies adverse to HCQ are financed by the pharmaceutical industry or by agencies tied to Mr. William Henry Gates III or have conflicts of interest, therefore they have zero credibility. Beginning with the three who argued that the cardiotoxicity of HCQ (usually estimated to be less than 1%) was 10%[97], or 19%[98] or even 33%.[99] All of these studies are worthless, and the list goes on and on. 

COVID-19 protests have rocked the world

The effectivness of hyperimmune plasma has been well known ever since the first SARS,[100] and it is also well known during this second outbreak.[101] But perhaps plasma was uncomfortable for someone who has more interest in making space for monoclonals. Therefore, Dr. Spaeder, don’t say that there are not treatments, because this makes us co-responsible for millions of deaths of people who have not been treated precisely because, although there were treatments, these treatments were denied them. This pandemic is a true massacre, a second holocaust.

Let us ask ourselves why traditional vaccines with attenuated SARS-CoV-2 have not been prepared. And why did they target the spike and not the M and N proteases, which are not toxic and do not mutate (and thus we would not have had the variants of the vaccine)? Other authors are asking the same thing.[102] Instead, with these serums that produce trillions of spikes, we have obtained dangerous and deadly effects and continuous variations that extend the pandemic. I remind you of them. In addition to the well-known high risk of ADE[103] and of auto-immunity,[104] the spike can behave like a prion,[105] therefore it is neurotoxic,[106]  it is cardiotoxic [107] and above all it is harmful to the endothelium, provoking endothelitis with hypercoagulation and thromboembolism.[108]

I remind you it has been demonstrated that the spike is sufficient, apart from the virus, precisely as a product of these serums, to harm the organism and to produce damage to the lungs, the arteries and the endothelium in general.[109] Even the S1 subunit of the spike is sufficient.[110]  These two studies demonstrate that, once the replicating capacity of the virus is removed, cells are damaged by the spike, only and exclusively by the spike. And it is precisely this that is produced inside the bodies of those who are vaccinated. Another study confirms that the S1 subunit of the spike significantly increases the pro-inflamatory cytokines (αTNF, IL6, IL1β, IL8) through the activation of the inflammasomes NFkB, p38 MAPK and NLRP3, and confirms that the pre-treatment with cortisone reducese the release of cytokines.[111]

Therefore, Abp. Viganò is perfectly correct in recalling the danger and mortality of these serums. The medical-scientific literature says so, and not only the sites which you cited and called “anti-vaccine propaganda.” Look at the European data reported by EudraVigilance, which certainly cannot be called no-vax.[112] Instead, many now see it is pro-vaccine propaganda, supported and directed by supra-national sovereign groups that have other purposes than the health of the population, propaganda based only on private studies that are worthless because they collude with the industry. Among many other examples, the example of the first study on the Pfizer vaccine applies, which claims the vaccine has a 95% rate of effectiveness and the absence of any toxicity, which is financed by Pfizer and BioNTech.[113, 114]  The same applies to the recent study on the vaccination for children from 5 to 11 years, which is called safe and effective, also financed by Pfizer and BioNTech. It has zero scientific value. Or the study done by Moderna, which was financed by Moderna, NIAID and the pharmaceutical industries.[115] All this is not science. It is a criminal scam.

In closing, I would like to remind you, my esteemed Colleague, that we are doctors, and we have the duty to protect our patients, to work for their good and not for the good of those who pursue their own interests, contrary to medicine and the life of the population. We ought to think for ourselves and not robotically repeat the anti-scientific slogans of the mainstream and the oligarchic system illegitimately governing the planet. We have sworn by Asclepius, not by multinationals. I thank Abp. Viganò for his precious contribution to the search for truth, the thing we scientists ought to always do. Apparently, the Archbishop is more of a scientist than us.

Massimo Citro Della Riva, M.D.

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[2] Balada E et al, Implication of human endogenous retroviruses in the development of autoimmune disease. Int Rev Immunol. 2010; 29(4):351-70.

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[5] https://www.adhocnews.it/israele-preoccupante-aumento-dei-ricoveri-tra-i-pienamente-vaccinati/

[6] https://visionetv.it/dea-in-israele-quasi-tutti-i-ricoverati-erano-stati-vaccinati/

[7] https://www.iltempo.it/attualita/2021/09/06/news/quarta-dose-vaccino-israele-calo-anticorpi-pandemia-calo-efficacia-vaccini-dati-numeri-28567896/

[8] Whittaker R et al, Patient trajectories among hospitalised COVID-19 patients vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine in Norway: a register-based cohort study. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.05.21265958

[9] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/waterford-city-district-has-state-s-highest-rate-of-covid-19-infections-1.4707344

[10] https://www.secondopianonews.it/attualita/2021/11/22/gibilterra-centro-piu-vaccinato-al-mondo-annulla-il-natale-troppi-contagi.html

[11] Chau N et al, Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Among Vaccinated Healthcare Workers, Vietnam. Preprint on The Lancet, 2021, oct. 11.

[12] Riemersma KK et al, Vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals have similar viral loads in communities with a high prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. medRxiv 2021.07.31.21261387.

[13] Yahi N et al, Infection-enhancing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies recognize both the original Wuhan/D614G strain and delta variants. A potential risk for mass vaccination? J of Infection. 2021; 83(5):607-35.

[14] Acharya C et al, No significant difference in viral load between vaccinated and unvaccinated, asymptomatic and symptomatic groups when infected with SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. medRxiv 2021.09.28.21264262.

[15] Eyre D et al, The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha & Delta variant transmission. MedRxiv. 2021. Doi: 10.1101/2021.09.28.21264260.

[16] Subramanian SV, Kumar A, Increases in COVID-19 are unrelated to levels of vaccination across 68 countries and 2947 counties in the United States. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Sep 30: 1–4.

[17] https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=testimonanzie+medici+cure+domiciliari+precoci+grimaldi+covid&&view=detail&mid=1157CE3EEF5FED45E9691157CE3EEF5FE

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[19] Savarino A et al, New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine, Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(2):67-69.

[20] Keyaerts E et al, In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine, cit. 2004.

[21] Keyaerts E et al, Antiviral activity of chloroquine against human coronavirus OC43 infection in newborn mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53:3416-21.

[22] Yao X et al, In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Mar 9; ciaa237.

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[23] Raoult D et al, Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis, Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 July-August; 36: 101791.

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Chen Z et al, Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758.

[24] Gao J et al, Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trend. 2020; 14(1):72-73.

[25] Tarek M Abd El-Aziz, JD Stockand, Recent Progress and Challenges in Drug Development against COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) – An Update on the Status, Infect Genet Evol, 2020; 83:104327.

[26] Sermo.Com (2020) Breaking Results: Sermo’s COVID-19 Real Time Barometer Study, available at Sermo’s COVID-19-Barometer Web

[27] Sass E, Dr. Jeff Colyer: Combo of existing drugs shows promise against COVID-18. 24/3/20. https://theeconomicstandard.com/combo-of-existing-drugs-shows-promise-against-covid-19

[28] Klimke A et al, Hydroxychloroquine as an aerosol might markedly reduce and even prevent severe clinical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Med Hypotheses. 2020; 142: 109783.

[29] Dong S et al, Identification of anti-flaviviral drugs with mosquitocidal and anti-Zika virus activity in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(8):e0007681. 

Wagstaff KM et al, Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem J. 2012; 443(3):851–6. 

[30] Lee YJ, Lee C. Ivermectin inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages. Arch Virol. 2016 Feb;161(2):257-68.

[31]  Caly L et al, The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020; 178: 104787.

[32] Di Pierro F et al, Possible therapeutic effects of adjuvant quercitin supplementation against early-stage COVID-19 infection: A prospective, randomized, controlled and open-label study. Int J Gen Med. 2021; 14:2359-66.

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